Microsoft Case Analysis - 1304 Words

Microsoft Corporation Case Analysis 03/27/04 Microsoft is the leading and the largest Software Company in the world. Found by William Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 Microsoft has grown and become a multibillion company in only ten years. It all started with a great vision – â€Å"a computer on every desk and every home† - that seemed almost impossible at the time. Now Microsoft has over 44,000 employees in 60 countries, net income of $3.45 billion and revenue of 11.36 billion. Company dramatic growth and success was driven by development and marketing of operational systems and personal productivity applications software. In Microsoft training and developing employees is very important aspect of the company’s day-to-day operations. At†¦show more content†¦Creating the Microsoft Skills 2000 program was a great idea for recruitment. At the end the company is not only having the brightest and the most talented workers, but is also making profit from training and developing their future employees. Delivering Microsoft mission requires great people who are bright, creative, and energetic, and who share the following values: †¢ Integrity and honesty. †¢ Passion for customers, partners, and technology. †¢ Open and respectful with others and dedicated to making them feel better. †¢ Willingness to take on big challenges and see them through. †¢ Self-critical, questioning, and committed to personal excellence and self-improvement. †¢ Accountable for commitments, results, and quality to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees. Microsoft is using two types of training for its employees: - On-the-Job training where new employees learn from more experienced coworkers. This type of training is based mostly on practice at the workplace. - Off-the-Job training where employees refresh their knowledge and learn something more in order to keep their performance in high quality. Mostly this type of training is performed in classrooms and it is more theory than practice. The first method is more Microsoft alike, even though the company requires that all employees must take refreshment classes. Feedback from training is very important for the company performance. Once trained the company isShow MoreRelatedMicrosoft Case Analysis Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesProfessor Lisa Epstein September 28, 2009 Executive Summary The main problem that Microsoft is having in Europe is with the antitrust ruling. As stated in the case â€Å"The immediate issue before the court is whether to uphold the European Commission’s landmark 2004 antitrust decision against Microsoft or to side with Microsoft in its appeal.† (Pearce-Robinson, 8-1) The two main issues that the case is about is Microsoft tying their media player in with the operating system and not willing to releaseRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation Case Analysis7309 Words   |  30 PagesSynopsis Microsoft Corporation is a worldwide company that creates and supplies several different software packages, maintains a number of Internet sites, and develops computer hardware. Microsoft is the largest supplier of computer software in the world, known by software bundles including the infamous operating system Windows XP (Pro and Home editions), Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.) and Microsoft Visual Studio .NET (for programmers). The company has thrived on its ability toRead MoreA Typical Design : Summative Case Analysis1211 Words   |  5 PagesA Typical Design: Summative Case Analysis Luis Navarro, Jr. Southern New Hampshire University A Typical Design: Summative Case Analysis Formulating a concise and effective design can often be exacting to an organization and of an industrial and organizational (I-O) (e.g., organizational consultant, or OC) practitioner/psychologist. This is especially true when an organization is attempting to initiate a program focus on individual development, specifically to address translation ofRead MoreAventura Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesto strategically analyze that... MBA640 Case Study Requirements About this assignment You will analyze customer information management at Port Aventura theme park in Catalonia Spain. The case is From theme park to resort: customer information management at Port Aventura by Mariano A Hervà ¡s, Joan Rodon, Marc Planell, and Xavier Sala from the Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases (2011) 1, 71–78. You can use the PDF version of the case on Canvas. You will do this in a group. Read MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesCase Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beeflessRead MoreCase Analysis : Cortana Microsoft Software Customer Solution920 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study I: Cortana Microsoft Software Customer Solution Microsoft proposes to use an innovative and more reliable operating system platform called; Azure Service Fabric, which resembles to hyperscale micro-service based application, featuring easily managed supportive system to enrich the customers’ satisfaction. Therefore, Cortana was made to be reliable software, whether it is going to be used as a personal digital assistant service, or as a potential work tool. On one hand, Cortana can beRead MoreFinancial Analysis in the Case of Ford Motor Co and Microsoft Corporation1814 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial analysis in the case of Ford Motor Co and Microsoft Corporation Each company must prepare financial statements to provide a comprehensive picture about its past performance and situation for the owners, the managers, the state and other stakeholders as well. In the case of enormous, international public limited companies like Ford and Microsoft these statements and data are public, so anybody can reach them through the internet. Moreover, we can also compute a lot of financial ratiosRead MoreCase Analysis - Microsoft Zune/Bell Canada/Chrysler2656 Words   |  11 PagesMICROSOFT ZUNE As Microsoft ventures into new markets, the Zune will definitely have an uphill battle in order to establish a significant market position. 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Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Post your paper as a Microsoft ® Word attachmentRead MoreWhy Monopoly Is Monopoly?1741 Words   |  7 Pagesprevent the competitor from making profits in the secondary market for it to want to incur further costs from entering the primary market. One example of that can be seen in the Microsoft case where the Court said that, â€Å"Microsoft s efforts to gain market share in one market (browsers) served to meet the threat to Microsoft s monopoly in another market (operating systems) by keeping rival browsers from gaining the critical mass of users necessary to attract developer attention away from Windows as

Positive Body Image Essay - 1991 Words

Redefining the Definition of a â€Å"***Flawless† Body In today’s day and age positive body image is an important factor to maintain, not only for the physical wellbeing of a person but also because it can determine the mental state and wellbeing of a person. Primarily us women are more subject to maintain and acquiring a â€Å"body† that can be acceptable in society. Women are subjected to social injustice on a daily basis about their bodies and what their ideal body should be. Such an â€Å"ideal† body can include almost impossible proportions and weight goals. Ideal body proportions, weight and features are demonstrated through media. The desire of an ideal body distorts positive body image and creates a desire to change, especially among young†¦show more content†¦The pressure of to achieve happiness and acceptance through being skinny is enforced through Media and business advertisements all over the world. This can manipulate women to take e xtreme measures which can lead to eating disorders. A negative body image can lead young woman to extremes. As a result, self-harm, eating disorders and low self-esteem arises. The actions which young woman take to change and become thinner can lead to diseases and mental disorders. According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 24 million people are affected by eating disorders, 10 million of which are women. About 50% of people with eating disorders â€Å"meet the criteria for depression† (Eating Disorder Statistics). Pilisuk says that â€Å"There is also a marketed reality of goods, sales pressures, or demands for competitive success to fill the void of emptiness in people’s lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). Businesses and Media do not only advertise the â€Å"ideal body† but also create products and services to â€Å"help† women achieve these ideal proportions and weight. The â€Å"void† here that Pilisuk mentions is the desire to be wanted by changing ourselves, or acquiring happiness through an ideal body. Businesses benefit over this feeling of insecurity and desire by creating diet pills and products that are advertised and promised to help us acquire this change in our bodies. Whether it be diet pills, paid programs that help us â€Å"lose those extra pounds†, orShow MoreRelatedPositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pages Body image disturbance, or BID, can have negative effects on individuals and can be found among many different ages of women. In fact, BID can even be found in girls as young as age seven. Many negative effects have been attributed to BID, such as increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which can cause issues both psychologically and physically (Devaraj Lewis, 2010). Therefore, there is a need to help women combat these negative effects of body image disturbance and help maintain a more positiveRead MoreTeens Need Positive Body Images Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pageshigh school, or college hallway, it’s not an uncommon occurrence to hear a young woman say something bad about either her body or another girl’s body. Negative comments instill a deeper impact than merely hurting a child’s feelings. They lead toward lowered self-esteem, increased dieting or eating disorders. Young girls require illumination at an early age into positive body images, avoiding thos e repercussions and the extremity of committing suicide such as demonstrated in â€Å"Barbie Doll† by Marge PiercyRead MoreThe Controversy Over The Unrealistic Body Image1351 Words   |  6 Pages The controversy over the unrealistic body image portrayed by the culturally iconic Barbie doll has been a topic of interest in sociology for many years. The research on this subject aims to determine the role that Barbie plays, if any, in the prevalence of negative body image and self esteem issues in young girls. The Barbie doll, introduced by Mattel, Inc. in 1959, can easily be considered the most popular doll in the world with 99% of 3 to 10 year olds owning at least one Barbie doll, andRead MoreThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 PagesToday we know that the media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image. Research documented adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that the mediaRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Mass Media And Body Image998 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence on an individual’s body image. The media distorts reality, promotes weight-teasing, and with the lack of diversity, it leads to body dissatisfaction, that would be a person’s negative thoughts about their body, and can inevitably lead to eating disorders. Also, media distorting reality can lead to mental illness and a low self esteem. The body image of many people does not reflect who they are but it rather reflects what the media portrays. Introduction What is body image? It is the internal representationRead MoreThe Effects of Modern Body Image1380 Words   |  6 Pagesjudgment, and shame† (Brown, n.d.). Body image, on the other hand, â€Å"is a complicated aspect of the self-concept that concerns an individual’s perceptions and feelings about their body and physical appearance† (Serdar, n.d.). According to Nordqvist, it is divided into two perceptions: positive and negative body images. He states that positive body image is â€Å"based on reality – the individual sees himself/herself as they really are; they accept parts of their body that are not ideal, but are generallyRead MoreMedias Effect on Negative Body Image Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pages Society should have a positive outlook on body image, rather than face a disorder that can change one’s whole life. Negative body image can result from the media, with photoshop and editing, celebrity fad diets, and society’s look at the perf ect image. Negative body image can lead to dangerous eating disorders, such as bulimia and anorexia. It can also take a risk to unhealthy habits, such as smoking, alcohol, and drugs. It is important to stress the effects of body image, because the world stillRead MoreBeauty Culture: An Examination the Effects Media Has on Society 1440 Words   |  6 Pagesobsession with beauty is not without cause. 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The treatment process includes the help of a counselor, a dietitian, and a psychologist as they work to improve both the physical and mental well-being of the patient. Bulimia NervosaRead MoreThe Effect Of Media On Womens Body Image1247 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of media affects how women perceive body image. I was interested in knowing the ways in which the media influenced the ways in which they perceive themselves and their beauty. In order to perform my research, I conducted surveys of female students ranging from ages 18-28, carried out experimental research on them to test whether they feel worse about their bodies after being exposed to thin media models than after being exposed to other types of images as well as conducting secondary research

Impact of Portuguese Estado Da India Free Essays

string(125) " of the emperor Hindu has the salaries of the military personnel and also the grades\(maratib\) of the he Imperial servants\." MANSABDARI SYSTEM IN MUGHAL DYNASTY Mansab was the generic term for the military type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal empire. The mansabdars governed the empire and commanded its armies in the emperor’s name. The term is derived from Mansab, meaning rank. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Portuguese Estado Da India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence,Mansabdari literally means rank-holder. Basically,the mansabdar system was borrowed from Persia. It was prevalent during the reign of Babur and Humayun. Mansabdar was a title used in the armed services of the Mughal empire. The term is derived from Mansab, standing for rank,mansabdar literally means a rank holder in military. A mansabdar was engaged in the service of the state and was obligated to render service. The mansabdars formed a military aristocracy which proved an admirable instant in the organization of Chengiz and Timur. Theâ€Å" mansab† meant rank. Different numbers which could be divided by ten were used for ranking officers. It was also meant for fixing the salaries and allowances of officers. Since,the mansabdars of the mughal empire received their pay either in cash(naqd) or in the form of assignments of areas of land(jagir) from which they were entitled to collect the land revenue and all other taxes sanctioned by the emperor,the mansabdar system was also an integrated part of the agrarian and the jagirdari system. This system introduced by Akbar . It was a unique feature of the administrative system of the Mughal Empire. The term mansab (i. e. officer,position,rank)in the mughal administrative indicated the rank of its holder(mansabdar) in the official hierarchy. It was of central Asian origin. According to one view Babur brought it to North India. DEVELOPMENT OF MANSABDARI SYSTEM- During the reign of Akbar, the lowest rank was that of number ten and the highest was that of twelve thousand. The mansab above five thousand and later on that of seven thousand was given only to princes of royal blood. Jahangir and Shahjahan awarded mansab to their officers upto the number only three thousand while royal princes were given mansabs upto the number of forty thousand. Akbar introduced the mansabdari system in the mughal army which primarily meant the ranking of officers on decimal system. Mansabdari system was the novelty of army organisation of the mughals. It was introduced by Akbar and was kept as it was with minor changes upto the reign of Aurangzeb. The later mughals gave mansabs upto number of fifty thousand. All officers below the rank of the mansab of five hundred were called mansabdars,the officers enjoying the mansab from five hundred to two thousand five hundred were called amir-i-azam and amir- i-umda. Some historians described,that the mansabdars were required to maintain soldiers equivalent to the number of rank awarded to them. Classification of mansab which has been highlighted with chengiz khan who had divided his army 10-10000. In this matter any thing cannot be said how many horsemen were kept by any mansab,because Jama was being exaggrated. When state got information about the situation of the agriculture and economy. Akbar took decision to control the situation which was quite different from written statements in the office. The main motto behind this was to implement dagh system. It means every mansabdar had to got registered his documents for face. Number of horses and their quality was checked and those who was not able to fulfill the criteria they were punished. According to badauni,who was also mansabdar of twenty rank. First mansab was given mansab of 20. So that he could serve the palace according to the situation. Aamir opposed dagh system and they were not ready for special sign which had been given to their horses. During dagh system create small aamir had taken power in their hand. Sometimes they used it to disturb reputted aamir, some shahi diwans who adopted hard ways due to this agitation happened in Bengal and Bihar in 1580 for which Akbar tried to remove this. Day by day dagh system was going to strict but mansabdars did not keep actual number of horsemen during any ocassion of the demonstration they took horses of others and did the formality. In many respects,the basic features were first delineated by Moreland and Abdul Aziz but their views have been greatly refined and often substantially revised by M. Athar Ali and Irfan Habib. Mansabdari which had been brought by Mughals was unique system. By and large, it has been here,mansab was the rank by which a man used to get honour in his salary for promotion. He was a appointed in administrative service or in the King’s court. Given mansab to aamir was pay to 10 to 5000. Although mansab word was used for all the mansabdars. Below 1000 all the persons were said mansabdars. It was assumed that time it is a system in which you have to promote yourself on the basis of your talent and wisdom. From 500 to 10000 mansab was reserved for shahi family but Akbar gave this mansab to his relative mansingh and brother Mirza Aziz Koka. There were tthirty-three grades of mansab ranging from commanders of 10 to commanders of 10000. Till the middle of Akbar’s reign , the highest rank an ordinary officer hold was that of a commanders of 5000 the more enalted grades between commanders of 7000 and 10000 were reserved for the royal princes. During the period following the reign of Akbar, the grades were increased upto 20000 or even more. There was no distinction between civil and military departments, officers both civil and military held mansabs and were liable to be transferred from one branch of the administration to another. Each mansabdars were expected to maintain prescribed number of horses,elephants,equipments etc according to his rank and dignity. Senior mansabdar were awarded a jagir(personal fief) rather than a salary. The mansab was not hereditary and it automatically lapsed after the death or dismissal of the mansabdars. Khwandamir tells us that at the command of the emperor Hindu has the salaries of the military personnel and also the grades(maratib) of the he Imperial servants. You read "Impact of Portuguese Estado Da India" in category "Papers" The salaries of mansabdars were fixed according to their mansabs,while the rates for their troopers were sanctioned separately. Moreover the mansabdars were to maintain a separate stable of animals (elephants and horses) their own according to their mansabs. Akbar organized the nobility and his army by means of the mansabdari system. The ranks normally given to top officers and nobles were valued from 10 to 5000 later raised to 7000. But the credit going it an institutional framework goes to Akbar who made it the basis of Mughal military organization and civil administration. The mansabdars formed the ruling group in the Mughal Empire. Consequently,the numerical strength of the mansabdars and their composition during different periods materially influenced not only politics and administration but also the economy of the Empire. ZAT AND SAWAR-The mansabdars were differentiated by the Zat and Sawar rank. Mansabdar had a zat or personal ranking and a sawar or a troop ranking. The mansabdars belonged both to the civil and military departments. They were transferred from the civil side to the military departments. They were transferred from the the civil side to the military department and vice versa. The mughal mansab was dual , represented by one designated zat(personal rank) and the other sawar(cavalry rank). In Akbar’s reign the mansabs ranged from command of 10 to 5000 troops. Subsequently, the highest mansabs were raised from 10000 to 12000 but there was no fixed number of mansabdars. During the reign of Akbar ,introduced the rank of zat and sawar in the mansabdari system was that ,every mansabdar was given the rank of sawar as well as that of zat. A mansabdar was paid rupees two per horse. In his period,the mansabdar were asked to keep as many horsemen as were indicated by numbers of their ranks of sawar. Every grade of his mansabdars holding the rank of five thousand or below it were divided into three categories. If a mansabdar had equal ranks zat and sawar ,he was of first category among his grade of mansabdar . i. e. if a mansabdar enjoyed the rank of five thousand zat and five thousand sawar then he was of the first category among the mansabdars of five thousand. If a mansabdar had the rank of sawar lower than the rank of zat but not lower than half of it then he belonged to the second category. i. e. if a mansabdar enjoyed the rank of five thousand zat and three thousand or two hundred and five hundred sawar then he belonged to the second category among the mansabdars of five thousand. And lastly, if a mansabdar enjoyed the rank of sawar which was less the half of his rank of zat then he belonged to the third category among his grade of mansabdars. A separate department was organized for the purpose of horses and elephants is called Dagh-Mahali. Akbar , of course ;deserved credit for imploring the army- organization of the Mughals. Akbar’s death mansab was explained in two numerical representatives:the first zat determined the holder’s personal pay and the status in the hierarchy ,the second sawar indicated the number of horsemen to be maintained by the holder and set the amount sanctioned to cover their pay. Akbar introduced the sawar rank in his 11th regnal year (1566-67). Mansab as a single rank is further supported by the Tabaqat’s different way of expressing mansabs in terms of numbers of troopers(sawars or naukars). The sawars were distinguised in two classes- sih-aspa du aspa and barawardis. Irfan Habib to bring out the significance under Akbar of the term barawardis , as a pre-dagh uniform payment per unit of sawar rank ,which was intented to be adjusted after the dagh. Ain that clearly defines the term barawardi and implies that the final salary was fixed on the basis of the contingent of troopers actually brought to the brand(dagh). The pay sanctioned after dagh was determined by such factors as the number of horses mustered along with the troopers and the breed of horses. In other words, the 18-19 regnal years, we shows that- a. A single number was awarded as mansab. b. Each mansab indicated as per schedule ,a particular amount of monthly personal pay for the mansab-holder. c. Against each mansab,its holder was called upon to maintain different numbers of war and transport ,for which he was paid additional allowances at detailed rates laid down in official schedules. d. The mansab- holder was called upon to maintain horsemen equal to the number of the mansab. . An advance payment for the mansab was made at a rate called bar-awardi. Its the balance of full payment was made or at any rate became due after the contingent of the mansabdar was actually presented for inspection and brand(dagh). APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTION OF MANSABDARS- Every candidate for a mansab had to provide a surely(zama) and this rule was extre mely rigorously enforced. It appears that bankers or money lenders of standing were accepted as sureties by the administration. The mansabdar recuirement and promotion was gradually viewed as atedious job,especially when gaining a surety. It was specially needed that soldiers should be capable and worthy. A record of every sawar was kept and the horses were branded. They invited the king to impact their soldiers. The procedure for the grant of promotions to mansabdars was similar to the procedure for the grant of the initial mansab. The recommendation for promotion was usually made by princes,commanders under whom. Gallantry in millitary service and merit occupied a pride place, at the oher end of the scale stood the promotions granted on acknowledgement of a handsome present or peshkash from a noble. Promotion was also generally though not invariably, given when an officer was fixed to really deserve a superior post. In every cases, the ranks of mansabdars being increased. The mansabdears appointed during the reigns of the Mughal Emperors shows that some groups were more favoured category were the sons and close kinsmen of persons who were already in service. This group was called Khanazad. The rulers of autonomous principalities formed yet another group which received prefential treatment in rank and promotion. MAINTENANCE OF TROOPS AND PAYMENTS- Mansabdars were asked to present their contingnents for regular inspection and physical verification. All the horses presented for inspection by a particular noble were branded with a specific pattern to distinguish these from those of other nobles through a real(dagh). It was a special procedure. The physical description of troops(chehra) was also recorded. The scale of salary was fixed for the zat rank but one rank had no arithmetical or proportionate relationship with the other. Under Akbar zat rank above 5000 was given only to the princes. It is an integral part of Mughal administration. Jahangir started the system of Du-aspa and Sih- aspa. The full sawar rank of mansabdar was made du-aspa and sih-aspa. For example- If a mansab held a mansab of 4000 zat 4000 sawar he may be granted huma do aspa sih aspa (all two- three horses) in this case the original sawar rank would be ignored,and the mansabdar will maintain double the number of du- ispa sih aspa, then it would mean that out of the original sawar rank of 4000, tha bawardi troopers will be only 2000 and the additional rank of 2000 du aspa sih aspa will double itself to 4000 ordinary troopers. Thus the total number of horsemen would be 6000. Generally, the sawar rank could not be higher than zat rank. Shah jahan gave the mansabdars the new pay scale, monthly ratio and framed new rules to assign the jagirs. He prepared the registers which containing the database of jagirs. The jagirs were not edtimated in rupee but in Dams. The estimate of the revenue in the jagir is called jama. It is always calculated till almost the death of Akbar in copper coins called Dam(48 dam equals 1 rupee). Therefore it was called Jama-dami. Moreland mainly focussed rank. He has distinguish between the two kinds of rank,the original mansab,which governed the personal allowances,was known as the zat rank and the additional men were designated by the word sawar. Double rank had to maintain two contingents-(a. )some horsemen paid out of his personal salary , and (b. )some extra or additional horsemen paid from the allowance provided for this purpose. During Aurangzeb’s time the high class mansabdari increased in number and there were lack of jagirs to be given to them. The kings and his ministers put a check on the recruitment of new mansabdars. Yet due to changed circumtances,the recruitment could not be stopped. The result was that the system cracked after Aurangzeb and came to an end. It was noticed that the actual revenue collection (hasil) always fell short of the estimated income. In such a situation,the mansabdars salaries were fixed by a method called month-scales. For examples-If a jagir yielded only half of the jama, it was called shashmaha(six monthly). If it yielded only one fourth , it was considered sihmaha(three monthly). The monthly scale was applied to cash salaries also. The largest deductions were from the Deccans,who had to pay a fourth part(chauthsi). There were other deductions known as khurak dawwah belonging to the Emperor. THE SYSTEM OF ESCHEAT-Especially, those of the European travellers,refer to the practice wherby the Emperor took possession of the wealth of the nobles after their death. The practice is known as escheat(zabt). The reason was that the nobles often took loan from the state which remained unpaid till their death. It was duty of the khan saman to take over the nobles property and adjust the state demand,after which the rest of the property was given to the heirs or sometimes distributed by the Emperor among the heirs himself without any regard for the Islamic Inheritance laws. In 1666,Aurangzeb issued a farman that after the death of a noble without heirs his property would be deposited in the state treasury. It seems that is most cases it depended on the power of the Emperor. THE EVOLUTION OF MANSABDARI SYSTEM-The Mansabdar came from all castes such as-Mughal,Pathans,Rajputs. Humayun did not continue this system. The first stage starts from 1556 and this stage remains more or less stagnent for the last ten years. i. e. from the accession of Akbar till 1566-67 in which there is practically no rule of the mansab. The second stage starts from 1567 onwards when an attempt was made to fix up the size of the contingent according to the salary of the mansabdar and on the basis of the collection of the revenue of the jagir assigned to him. The third stage which is the most important one starts from 1573-74 when a mansabdar was given a certain number. The last stage which finalised or formalized the mansabdari system came in 1595-96. This suggest that the mansabdari system has finally around 1595-96,it is not a sudden one , it has developed through long period of experiment in which there was a struggle between the crown and nobility. But by 1595-96 the struggle was over. COMPOSITION OF MANSABDARS-The Mansabdars, in practice considered heredity as an important factor. It appears that the khanzads (house-born,descendants of mansabdar) had the first claim. Out of a total number of 575 mansabdars holding the rank of 1000 and above during the reign of Aurangzeb,the khanzads numbered about 272. Apart from the khanzads , a number of mansabdars were recruited from the zamindars. Out of 575 mansabdars in 1707,therewere 81 zamindars. The mughals also welcomed Persian. Chagatai,Uzbeks as well as the Deccanis in the mansabdari. CONCLUSION- Mansabdari was the main institution of the Mughal Empire,which embraced both civil and military sectors of administration. Mansabdars and their large forces were used to expand the empire and administer if effectively. It is true that mansabdars had been role player in the development of mughal states,became they had compailed mughal emperor to think about new challenges. There diplomatic policy regarding horsemen and other job had given new challenges to the emperor. Especially ,Akbar had been founder of mansab system. In his reign of 11th year Moreland and Abdul Aziz had studied a lot that’s why their contribution is corregiable. On the basis of Ain-i-Akbari as a quisar,had not supported it. According to him zat and sawar had been enforced in 1573-74. And Irfan Habib had supported it. Again,Shireen Moosvi has not supported it due to muntqab-ubd-qabai(badauni) and Ikbal nama-e-jahangir(mutmid khan). According to Abul –fazl mansab was related to mansabdar . As a quisar has written about this in the regime of 18th years. That system was â€Å"dagh system†was collection of animals and a chart was prepared for it†;Abul fazl said. Khurake philas(fooder of elephants) and irmas were system by which salary was deducted in order to by fooder and horses. The salaries and obligation of maintaining troops were governed by a definite set of rules which underwent changes from time to time. For revenue purposes,all the land was divided into two main types-The Jagir and Khalisa. The number of mansabdars rose from 2069 at the time of Jahangirs accession in 1605 to 8000 in 1637 Shahjahan’s reign and to 11,546 during the latter half of the Aurangzeb’s reign. REFERENCES- 1. The Evolution of the Mansab System under Akbar until 1596-7-SHIREEN MOOSVI. 2. Rank Mansab in the Mogul State Service-W. H. MORELAND. 3. Medieval India(1526-1761)-SATISH CHANDRA. 4. Medieval India(750-1540)-HARISHCHANDRA VERMA. How to cite Impact of Portuguese Estado Da India, Papers

International Tourism and Hospitality Management for Malabar Coast

Question: Discuss about theInternational Tourism and Hospitality Management for Malabar Coast. Answer: Introduction Kerala, the state located on the Malabar Coast of South India has always been recognized for its tourism and known as one of the renowned tourist destinations in the world. Kerala tourism has transformed itself into one of the leading places comprising the highest brand has successfully gathered over half a million of international tourists in the state in the year 2011 (Manoj 2015). Some of the considerable initiatives that have gained popularity in Kerala is the backwaters further making contributing to the economy of region (Mathew and Sreejesh 2017). At this juncture it is important to note that the region often experience certain issues related to tourism and further pose several influences on the local residents of the region. Vasudevan, S., 2008. The role of internal stakeholders in destination branding: Observations from Kerala Tourism.Place Branding and Public Diplomacy,4(4), pp.331-335. The paper aims to discuss the issues and challenges experienced by the tourism industry of Kerala. The author of the article has explicitly evaluated the role of internal shareholders in the activities related to destination branding of the Kerala Tourism. Kerala, bordered by the Western Ghats on one side and the Arabian Sea on the other, comprises a total area of over 38500 km and a populous of over 30 million. Several factors have been identified in this paper in order to comprehend the major issues and challenges experienced by the Kerala tourism department while pursuing effective branding for their destination development. The paper appears to be a well-established work as it provides a well-observed study on the way the Kerala government has emphasized on the exceptional performance of the Kerala Tourism. It further stated that Kerala tourism department would have not been able to show any efficiency of the members of trade who have served consistent innovation in destination d evelopment and has established improved standards in service, which has further facilitated the state board in endorsing and promoting the region. At this juncture, it is significant to note, that the article has further reviewed the challenges faced by internal stakeholders that have post adverse impact on the positioning of the state. The popularity of the state has involved poor infrastructure especially the concerning and dreary conditions of roadways, which have severely influenced the brand intention for both the internal, as well as the external stakeholders of the Kerala tourism department. The article further states the repeated civic issues related to the chronic strikes often initiated by the political parties that severely affect the traffic conditions of various parts of Kerala further resulting to influence the impression as well as idea of the region to the visitors. The paper concludes by providing few suggestions that would facilitate the positioning of the destinat ion development of Kerala by giving adequate opportunities to the internal investors, which would help them to voice their opinions in decision-making procedures and articulate the brand vision of the state. Radhakrishnan,S.A.,2010.Lack of facilities for tourists in Munnar: study.The Hindu.( 30 April ). The purpose of this article is to review the issues related to the lack of accessibility to information, accommodation for tourists along with several issues of language obstacles often faced by the tourists that has further led the tourism sector experience threats and issues. The article has evaluated previous researches that noted that majority of tourists who visit Kerala every year reveal a steady inclination towards medium-class accommodation but the inaccessibility of suitable amenities have been acting as barriers to tourism development of the region. It is significant to note that hilly regions of Kerala are regarded as one of the most renowned tourist destinations in the world (Mathew and Chandran 2011). However, several tourists have been facing challenges in receiving proper accommodation facilities further resulting to raise grievances toward the tourism development sector of the region. The paper has proved to provide well-observed information that highlighted the signi ficant section of both domestic and international tourists preferences towards medium-class accommodation. The Kerala tourism zone has comprised several mountainous regions such as Pallivasal, Munnar, Vattavada, Devikulam, where the number of accommodation places include over 120 classified hotels and around 100 home stays which provide private and calm spatial facilities. Furthermore, unavailability of parking spaces as well as narrow roadways are considered as another significant challenge faced by visitors. The strengths of the article lies with its precise understanding the problems of highway construction that led tourists visiting Malabar coastal region of South India face massive traffic congestion and inconvenience thereby, the tourism sector has initiated eco-township project. It might effectively concentrate on the issues of confronting Munnar one of the renowned tourist destination in Kerala in a strategized and convivial manner in order to ascertain efficient resolutions on sustainable values and ethics. Manivannan,B.,2015.SOCIAL IMPACT OF TOURISM IN INDIA.International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, Science Engineering (IJIRTSE).1(4).pp. 1-7.Available from https://www.ioirp.com/Doc/IJIRTSE/v1_i4/JPBS120.pdf[Accessed on 30 april 2018. ] The author of this article aims to evaluate significant impacts of tourism operations on the local residents of Kerala whereby it has been reviewed that despite of increased levels of growth and development local communities of the location reliant on tourism have identified both negative as well as positive impacts related to tourism. The factors related to socio-cultural effects of tourism have been referred as the impacts on local communities of both direct and indirect affairs with tourists and further of interaction with the tourism industry. The authors have further reviewed the way such effects occur when changes are brought by the tourism sector in value systems and attitudes and thus intimidate indigenous distinctiveness of the host communities. Socially the Kerala tourism has posed greater impact on the host communities further considering tourism as both a basis of international harmony, peace and understanding as well as corrupting the cultural aspects of the native commu nities. However, the author has observed certain positive influences that the tourism sector of Kerala has posed such as increasing positive attitudes among the local residents, plummeting unconstructive insights and stereotypes and further increasing self-esteem and dignity of both the host communities and the tourists. The article appears to be a well-evaluated as well as well-discussed paper and has analysed the way the host communities of Kerala are getting benefitted through the aid provided by tourism sector to the enhancement of social infrastructure like the schools, hospitals and other educational institutions. Furthermore, at this juncture it is significant to note that if local traditions and culture is considered to be the foundation of tourist gathering in Kerala, it would facilitate in the conservation and preservation of architectural structures (Manoj 2015). The author of the article further reviewed the way indigenous communities of Kerala has faced negative socio-c ultural problems from the tourism activities. It further has enlightened the way tourism has posed threats to the standardization of the tourist destinations of Kerala while intending to accomplish the needs and demands for similar amenities. Lastly the article has concluded by analysing the facets of socio-cultural disadvantages that has evolved from the conflict and inconsistency raised due to the utilization of resources further raising the level of stress to the host communities for the utilization of major resources such as water and energy due to supply paucity. Bhagat,R.,2014.Responsible tourism changes lives of locals in Kerala.The Hindu.(30 April). The article explicitly discusses the significant consequence of the initiative adapted by Kerala tourism sector called the responsible tourism introduced in 2008 which focused on factors related to economic, social as well as environmental regions. The indigenous communities of Kerala have been aided by the tourism department whereby facilitated the families to engage in agricultural farming, manufacture eco-friendly products. Furthermore, the author of the article has evaluated the economic growth of the local residents that has witnessed immense rise through the elevating rise of new hotels and resorts situated in Kumarakom whereby over 1500 local families who are reported to have earnings of Rs. 1.42 crore as compared to the annual income generation of Rs 88 lacs last year. The strength of the paper has been comprehended by focusing on the way it has reviewed these emergent tourism activities have experienced severe threats and animosities thus have acknowledged such programmes. T hese cultural initiatives have further led the local artistic communities to endorse their cultural competence and establish harmonious relations with the tourist groups. The paper has also observed the way these improving tourism activities have empowered local women by providing employment opportunities in food sector of the tourism department whereby their monthly income is around Rs 8000 per month further provided an income benefit during festive seasons. Dangi, T.B. and Jamal, T., 2016. An integrated approach to sustainable community-based tourism. Sustainability, 8(5), p.475. The paper discusses the rich knowledge area that has been developing with the corresponding in tourism investigations such as the sustainable tourism and community-centric tourism. Within these sustainable policies lie various connotations, values, criteria and advantages consequences promoted by varied proponents and stakeholders ranging from quasi-governmental and non-profit organizations to public-private divisions along with academic interests. The authors of the paper further reviewed that the significance of concentrating on tourism as a significant participant in sustainability has not been effectively identified in early policy initiatives. However, the idea behind sustainable tourism gained recognition in the policy statements as well as development documents of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNTWO) as well as World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (Steur 2014). It incorporates three fundamental base of sustainability such as economic, social and environment al policies that work on economic sustainability that further signifies the act of wealth generation at various levels of the society and further focus on the cost efficiency of all economic activities. These policies have further lead to conclude that mainstream subjects in relation to tourism development and management that have immense governance while evaluating economic as well as political structures. Furthermore, it has been noted that these policy observations must develop towards enhanced rate of visibility, authority and significance in tourism observations through more critical involvement with tourism public regulation and strategy practice. Mathew, R. and Chandran, A., 2011. Tourism Policy: A Strategic Review. CONTEMPORARY TOURISM REVIEWS. Available from https://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/free_files/fileTourismPolicy.pdf [Accessed on 30 april 2017. ] The purpose of this paper is to review the importance of tourism regulation and policy and the way these policies have posed vital consequences to tourism industry in particular. It is further to be noted that governments have the authority to provide political constancy, security along with legal as well as financial outlines which the tourism department of Kerala requires (Lee,Jan and Yang 2013). The article further incorporates indirect relation posed by Government tourism regulation whereby government activities affect tourism as a secondary product of an interest in some associated region or direct influence whereby administrative bodies effectively seek to manipulate tourism or certain facets of tourism in pursuit of policy intention. The article appears to provide well-observed analysis that can be regarded as suitable into a series of perspectives that has considerate impact on the development outcomes of tourism sector in Kerala. Reference Bhagat,R.2014.Responsible tourism changes lives of locals in Kerala.The Hindu.(30 April). Dangi, T.B. and Jamal, T., 2016. An integrated approach to sustainable community-based tourism.Sustainability,8(5), p.475. Lee, T.H., Jan, F.H. and Yang, C.C., 2013. Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists.Tourism Management,36, pp.454-468. Manivannan,B.,2015.SOCIAL IMPACT OF TOURISM IN INDIA.International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, Science Engineering (IJIRTSE).1(4).pp. 1-7.Available from https://www.ioirp.com/Doc/IJIRTSE/v1_i4/JPBS120.pdf[Accessed on 30 april 2018. ] Manoj, P.K., 2015. Employment Generation from Rural Tourism: A Field Study of the Local Community at Kumbalangi, Kerala.International Journal of Applied Services Marketing Perspectives (IJASMP),4(4), pp.1880-1888. Manoj, P.K., 2015. Prospects of Responsible Tourism In Kerala: Evidence From Kumarakam In Kottayam District.International Journal of Research in Management Social Science,3(1), p.54. Mathew, P.V. and Sreejesh, S., 2017. Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,31, pp.83-89. Mathew, R. and Chandran, A., 2011. Tourism Policy: A Strategic Review. CONTEMPORARY TOURISM REVIEWS. Available from https://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/free_files/fileTourismPolicy.pdf [Accessed on 30 april 2017. ] Radhakrishnan,S.A., 2010.Lack of facilities for tourists in Munnar: study.The Hindu.( 30 April ). Steur, L., 2014. An expandedclass perspective: Bringing capitalism down to earth in the changing political lives of adivasi workers in Kerala.Modern Asian Studies,48(5), pp.1334-1357. Vasudevan, S., 2008. The role of internal stakeholders in destination branding: Observations from Kerala Tourism.Place Branding and Public Diplomacy,4(4), pp.331-335.